Ruins of Yaozhou Kiln
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Ruins of Yaozhou Kiln is a AAA-level scenic spot ratified by National Tourism Administration. The history of baking porcelain in Yaozhou dates back to Eastern Jin (317-420). The porcelain baking industry in Yaozhou prospered in Song Dynasty (960-1279) when Huangbao Township was under the jurisdiction of Yaozhou. In the ancient historic records, all the porcelain kilns in Huangbao Township was named Yaozhou Kilns. The kilns here were especially known for the celadon ware, which represented the highest skills in the making of celadon ware in northern China (there were two styles of making celadon ware at that time: the northern China style and the southern China style).
The dark green and transparent glaze on Yaozhou porcelain appears as pure as jade and clean as ice. And the glaze is in perfect harmony with the simple shape and the colorful engraved patterns. The rough but graceful lines are just like the vigorous and heroic rhythm of Shaanxi opera (Qinqiang). Yaozhou celadon is a different style compared to the bright, light green and well-rounded celadon ware produced in southern China.
In Huangbao Township, about 100,000 pieces of porcelain were excavated in the unearthed 30 porcelain workshops and 45 porcelain kilns of Tang (618-907), Song (960-1279), Jin (1115-1234) and Yuan (1206-1368) dynasties. All the kilns were built by laying bricks and the kilns were in U-shape. Besides the porcelains, there were some three-color glazed pottery (Sancai) kilns and other pottery kilns. Firewood and coal were used as fuels in all the kilns.
The excavated articles mainly include dishware, tea sets and alcohol utensils. Those made in Tang Dynasty are mainly black, white celadon porcelain ware and three-color glazed pottery. Those produced in Five Dynasties (907-960), Song and Jin (265-420) dynasties are mainly celadon ware. The excavated celadon ware made in Song Dynasty was burnt under a temperature of 1,300℃, and the porcelain ware was fine works of art. In Yuan Dynasty, the celadon ware making industry declined, and the typical porcelain works have black flower decoration on the white ground. A stele carved in 1084 of Northern Song Dynasty recorded the prosperous development of porcelain burning in Huangbao and the technological process, and the inscription on the stele is an important literature in the history of porcelain making in China.
Inverted Celadon Wine Pot of Yaozhou Kiln: the drum-shaped wine pot was made in Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). It is 18.3 cm high and the belly is 14.3 cm in diameter. It is excavated in Bin Xian County (in the northwest of Xianyang City, Shaanxi) in 1968. What is special with this pot is that the lid is a fake one and can’t be opened. The fake lid is connected with the phoenix-shaped handle. And the mouth of the pot looks like a lion suckling her baby. The decorative patterns were carved and scored onto the pot, with the pattern of peony branches and flowers sticking out in the belly and lotus petals in the neck of the pot, forming a totally different decoration from the tender flower petals carved on the lid. There is a Chinese-plum-shape hole at the bottom of the teapot. People have to invert the pot to fill water to it. That is why it is called inverted wine pot. When the pot is put at the normal position, it doesn’t leak although there is a hole at the bottom. This kind of wine pot was quite popular in Song and Liao (907-1125) dynasties.
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